IBASE Technology, a manufacturer of application-specific embedded computer platforms, has announced the release of the RM-N8MMI...
The post IBASE Announce SMARC 2.0 CPU Module with NXP i.MX 8M Mini Processor appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Federal and international regulations require boats to carry lights between sunset and sunrise and during conditions of restricted visibility. The number and colours of the lights vary with the size of the vessel. Many commercial vessels carry special lights that identify them to the others. This is important because right of way depends on the […]
The post Automatic Anchor Light appeared first on Electronics For You.
There are at least two popular applications of blinking a string of 110V/230V AC incandescent lamps. The first is audio-visual warning at construction sites or where repairing is going on. The second is to express joy and excitement during holidays like New Year’s Day. Here we use a very simple and low-cost timer NE555 to […]
The post AC Lamp Blinker Using Timer 555 appeared first on Electronics For You.
The government of India has notified E-Waste (Management) Rules in 2016 and E-Waste (Management) Amendment Rules in 2018 for eco-friendly recycling and reducing e-waste. After buying such electronic devices as smartphones and laptops, most people do not care what happens to the old ones. e-Waste is the term used for such discarded electronic items that […]
The post E-Waste Management Leading To Lower Greenhouse Emissions appeared first on Electronics For You.
Smart inhalers can be used to administer the correct dose of medicine and track patient health when connected to an app that can gather data. Respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are on the rise due to such factors as air pollution, active or passive smoking, exposure to certain chemicals or […]
The post Smart Inhalers Enabling Better Respiratory Care appeared first on Electronics For You.
Moving forward, we will see mass adoption of tools like chatbots, straight-through processing and robotic process automation (RPA) for routine, repetitive processes. Robotic process automation (RPA) provides integration of software robots with business processes to automate any complex or repetitive process. It is used to modernise customer service, improve business processes and enhance operational productivity. […]
The post Robotic Process Automation Helping Businesses appeared first on Electronics For You.
The EVLSTCH03-45WPD 45W USB Type-C® Power Delivery 3.0 adapter from STMicroelectronics is a USB-IF certified solution...
The post 5W USB Type-C Power Delivery 3.0 Adapter Reference Design appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
This article will analyse some of the most important safety issues related to design and use of LV electrical installations. Besides explanation of relevant terms in this field defined by... Read more
The post When can we say that earthing arrangement is safe for people (confusions in practice) appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.
Smart fabrics were initially developed for performance-enhancing purpose for professional athletes, but now their applications are expanding across various industries. The traditional concept of clothing is steadily witnessing a change with advances in technological innovations. Smart fabrics, also known e-textiles or intelligent fabrics, are making new waves in the smart wearable industry. As the name […]
The post Smart Fabrics Can Help Boost Smart Wearable Industry appeared first on Electronics For You.
The PicoScope 6000E series brings very high speed performance to an 8 analog channel, 16 digital...
The post PicoScope 6000E 8-Channel 500MHz Mixed-Signal Oscilloscopes appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Since the internet remains quite vulnerable to security breaches, new measures have been taken to ensure...
The post The URU Key, a Biometric FIDO2 Authenticator For Safe Web Navigation appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Peak Electronic Design Ltd has designed a 3D stand for their popular Peak Atlas Instruments. The...
The post 3DPAS – A 3D printed stand for your Peak Atlas product appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
After its successful entry into the 3.5-inch SBC market in the middle of last year, congatec...
The post SMARC modules make new 3.5-inch boards scalable appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
All the prototyping tools you need in Geppetto workspace on SEEED platform Altium, announces that Seeed,...
The post Altium Accelerates IoT and AI Hardware Development through Geppetto and Seeed Collaboration appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Octavo Systems OSD32MP15x System In Package Releases into Production with Higher Performance and Two New Development...
The post Industry’s Smallest 800MHz STM32MP1 Module Shortens Design Time with New Suite of Tools appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
From Flowcharts to Mind Maps, diagramming is one of the easiest ways to map out thoughts,...
The post Edraw Max and MindMaster Diagram Software Review appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
David Johnson-Davies published a new project on his personal blog. He shows us how to build...
The post Minimal ATmega4809 on a Breadboard appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Antti Mäntyniemi designed this board, which is a UPDI programmer that utilizes Arduino IDE to program...
The post UPDI programmer compatible with Arduino IDE appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Many of our clients face a common challenge when undertaking IoT projects. They are experts in...
The post Bluetera II – full-stack dev board that uses protocol buffers for motion-based IoT applications appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
You may already have on hand a 12V AC/DC adaptor or 12V from your PC or 12V battery, but you need a 9V, 2.5A DC power supply for your embedded system. Certainly, you will need a DC-to-DC converter for the same. You can use a linear regulator but that requires a large heat-sink. Here is […]
The post Convert 12V DC To 9V DC Using IC LM2576 appeared first on Electronics For You.
The entire project is completely automated and available as open-source Thanks to advanced computational methods, 3D scanning can be used to create real-life, three-dimensional computer models of almost any objects. To do so, one would need good programming skills along with some advanced hardware setup – things most of us aren’t willing to invest time […]
The post DIY 3D Scanner Using Just Arduino And Android Phone appeared first on Electronics For You.
Red Pitaya has launched a high-end STEMlab platform – STEMlab is a test and measurement environment designed...
The post Red Pitaya launches the STEMlab 250-12 appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Piconomix, the South-Africa based Embedded systems development company, has launched a campaign on Crowdsupply for a...
The post Meet the PX-Hero, an ARM Cortex-M0+ Based Development Board for Embedded Systems Education appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
In contrast to conventional 3D printing methods, the new technique helps create precise objects as small as two centimetres in length, without any breakage in structure. Imagine being to able to create minute objects with precise accuracy and intricate detailing within a matter of seconds. Not only would it save time, but also promote the […]
The post Rapid And Highly Precise 3D Printing Of Tiny Objects appeared first on Electronics For You.
One of the major barriers to developing industrial applications is usually the complexity and cost of...
The post Meet I-Pi SMARC, the Industrial-Ready Prototyping Platform from ADLINK appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
MYIR introduces an Linux-ready industry-oriented MYC-C335X-GW CPU Module powered by TI’s AM335x ARM Cortex-A8 processor (800MHz...
The post TI AM335x ARM SoM for Gateway Applications appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Medium voltage networks are networks with rated voltages of over 1 kV and up to 36 kV. Medium voltage switchgear is used in transformer substations and switching substations, and in... Read more
The post Design tips for medium voltage systems and switchgears in power substations appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.
Infineon Technologies launches the XDP™ digital power XDPS21071, the first flyback controller in the industry with...
The post High efficiency: A multi-mode, forced-frequency-resonant digital controller IC for SMPS applications appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Low-power, low-noise Analog Devices ICs and Intel MAX 10 FPGA in compact 86.5mm x 25mm outline...
The post Arrow Electronics introduces low-cost, rapid prototyping data acquisition platforms appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The USB-C PD-Sink is a board by Pier 42 that enables any device to be powered...
The post Mini USB-C PD sink board enables Power regulation for any device appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Angelu (Elsofgel), a Canadian-based electrical engineer has developed an Arduino shield to implement an SPI to...
The post Arduino Ethernet Shield powered by the PIC32MX controller appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Air-coolers provide cool air in a room by adding moisture to the air. This moist air is blown inside the room by an exhaust fan or blower, which makes the room temperature drop. These coolers require frequent refilling of water. Presented here is a circuit to refill water automatically in an air-cooler tank when the […]
The post Automatic Water Refiller for Air-Coolers appeared first on Electronics For You.
In this video tutorial, students of Birla Institute of Technology Offshore Campus has designed an IOT Based Home Automation System Over The Cloud. They have explained the parts, connections and working of the system. Courtesy: Syed Shahzeb Hussain
The post IOT Based Home Automation System Over The Cloud appeared first on Electronics For You.
Recently, researchers have discovered that application of large alternating current (AC)-producing oscillating electric fields can be used to suppress flames rapidly Fire is a powerful force! If managed properly, it has many uses; but if left unmanaged, it can be destructive. Fire has the power to support the survival of mankind as well as to […]
The post Could Electrical Wave Blaster Provide A New Way To Extinguish Fires? appeared first on Electronics For You.
The article demonstrates the use of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol in smartphones and Raspberry Pi. MQTT, a machine-to-machine Internet of Things (IoT) protocol, is useful for connecting with a remote client where a small code footprint or very low Internet bandwidth is needed. It has been used in sensors communicating to a broker/server […]
The post Use MQTT Protocol In Smartphones And Raspberry Pi appeared first on Electronics For You.
STMicroelectronics’ step-down converter is an easy to use synchronous monolithic step-down regulator STMicroelectronics L6983 Synchronous Step-Down...
The post L6983 38 V Step-Down Converter is a synchronous monolithic step-down regulator appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Toshiba Electronic Devices has added the TB67H451FNG Motor Driver IC to its lineup of low power...
The post Low Power Brushed DC Motor Driver IC from Toshiba in Compact HSOP8 Package appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Rohde & Schwarz released the R&S NGP800 family of power supplies, which include two and four...
The post R&S NGP800 Power Supplies Offer up to Four Independent Channels in a Single Instrument appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The LT8648S synchronous step-down dc-dc regulator from Analog Devices features second generation Silent Switcher architecture designed...
The post 42V, 15A Synchronous Step-Down DC-DC Regulator appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Electrical engineers from the University of California, San Diego recently designed a new portable chip that...
The post New Chip brings ultra-low power WiFi connectivity to IoT devices. appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
ONiO, a Norwegian healthcare-focused Internet of Things (IoT) expert has unveiled ONiO.zero, an ultra-low-power RISC-V-based microcontroller...
The post ONiO.zero RISC-V Microcontroller Functions On Harvested Energy appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Electronic paper — a.k.a. e-paper — is an unusual type of display. Once a picture (or...
The post Free Elektor Article: Using E-paper with the Arduino appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Power plant auxiliary system usually pretty complicated and consists of dozen of motors, transformers, capacitor banks, variable frequency drives, PLCs, and other electrical devices. Therefore, protection relaying is not that... Read more
The post The art of designing the auxiliary system of a power plant appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.
Standard reed switches are small, have high reliability and a long life for demanding applications in automotive, industrial and all kinds of position control, position-sensing applications. Standard versions can be modified with terminals according to specific needs. Kai Hold, marketing manager, PIC GmbH, in a conversation with Deepshikha Shukla, explains how reed switches help in […]
The post “Whenever There Is A Mechanical Movement That Has To Be Counted Or Detected, A Reed Switch Is Applicable” appeared first on Electronics For You.
Driving new user experiences in automotive infotainment thanks to concurrent dual Wi‑Fi support and Bluetooth 5.1....
The post u-blox launches first Wi-Fi 6 module series in automotive grade appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Western Digital released its new Western Digital iNAND MC EU521, an embedded Universal Flash Storage (UFS)...
The post WD releases Mobile iNAND UFS Series Embedded Flash Drives, ready for 5G appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
This programmable current logger can measure bipolar picoamps to milliamps, with unique features such as 5kV...
The post Saelig Introduces RBD 9103 USB Graphing Picoammeter appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The TR pcb mountable pressure transducer series from Merit SensorTM is a rugged, direct-media pressure...
The post Pressure transducer series from Merit Sensor appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Truly industrial, highly reliable PPC12-427 panel PC solution withstands shock, vibration, dust and low-pressure wash downs;...
The post WINSYSTEMS Unveils Fanless IP65-Rated Panel PC for Rugged Operating Environments appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Data security and privacy are becoming more of a necessary requirement for the Internet of Things...
The post Kryptor FPGA: Open-source hardware end-to-end encryption appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Leveraging the natural adsorption–desorption exchange of water molecules from ambient air at the interface of a...
The post Ambient humidity energy harvesters could compete with solar cells appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
This project is based on Arduino Uno and Processing software for monitoring temperature and sending voice alerts. Processing is an open source IDE that can be used to visualise data and implement other functionalities. Circuit and working The circuit is built around Arduino Uno board and LM35 temperature sensor. Connect output pin (V0) of LM35 […]
The post Monitor Temperature With Voice Alerts appeared first on Electronics For You.
Sometimes a simple analogue power supply with adjustable output voltage and adjustable current-limiting function is needed. This article presents a simple power supply using an adjustable regulator LM350 that provides variable output up to 17V and maximum output current below 2A. LM350 has higher power dissipation as compared to commonly-available adjustable voltage regulator LM317 and, […]
The post Make A Simple Power Supply For Adjustable Voltage And Current appeared first on Electronics For You.
One of the best things about being a maker is the ability to make your own...
The post Arduino based Milliohm Meter with LCD display appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The recent moves by Sonos can only be explained as targets towards expanding its connected ecosystem...
The post Sonos acquires the Data-over-sound Pioneer, Chirp appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
F&S Elektronik Systeme GmbH presents a prototype of a direct solder module. It’a a 30 x...
The post OSM (Open Standard Module) with NXP i.MX 8M Mini / Nano CPU appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Selecting the right material, form and dimensions are key to producing a quality electronic product. Chris Nash, product manager for PCB Materials, Indium Corp., explains to Deepshikha Shukla how materials enable manufacturing of strong, reliable products that can endure inevitable physical shocks and thermal stresses associated with electronic devices, in applications ranging from Internet of […]
The post Solving Thermal Management Issues Is Critical appeared first on Electronics For You.
Altium has launched a new, cloud-based application – the A365 Viewer – that redefines the way...
The post Altium’s PCB Design Sharing & Visualization Tool helps to view popular CAD formats in your browser appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Infineon Technologies AG continues to expand its comprehensive silicon carbide (SiC) product portfolio with 650 V...
The post CoolSiC™ MOSFET 650 V family offers best reliability and performance to even more applications appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Engineers can shrink their power solution by as much as 80% and maximize efficiency in high-voltage...
The post TI’s EMI-optimized integrated transformer technology miniaturizes isolated power transfer into IC-sized packaging appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
MATRIX Industries’ nanopower energy harvesting boost converter with microwatt cold-start, input impedance matching, and regulated output...
The post Mercury DC/DC Boost Converters harvest energy from TEGs appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
COM modules with NXP i.MX 8M Nano CPU High performance in a compact format Based on...
The post Linux-driven PicoCore™MX8MN module is tiny appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Arduino compatible battery-operated LoRaWAN End Node using the RFM95 with the ATMega328P microcontroller. Requirements: Install the...
The post dbLoRa-X1 is a Arduino compatible battery operated LoRaWAN End Node appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
In this circuit we use the output signal from a standard IR receiver (IC1 in the...
The post Free Elektor Circuit – Acoustic IR Remote Control Tester appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Advancements in reconstructive microsurgery have evolved into super microsurgery for performing minute tissue transplantation. While a surgeon can find it extremely challenging to operate with great precision, a robot’s assistance can help overcome such human limitations. As a consequence of evolving microscopes and instruments, surgeons can now perform super microsurgeries on a minute scale. With […]
The post Microsurgery Robot Precisely Performs Minuscule Medical Operations appeared first on Electronics For You.
PCB design software provider Altium has launched a new cloud-based application, A365 Viewer, to view and...
The post PCB design sharing and visualization through the cloud from Altium appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Based on Kendryte K210 RISC-V AI processor, Maixduiono AI development board comes with MI AI module...
The post Maixduino AI Development Board K210 RISC-V AI+lOT ESP32 appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
A Busan-based company has been developing J.Flex, an advanced lithium-ion battery that is ultra-thin, flexible, and rechargeable...
The post J.Flex, A Lithium-Ion Battery That Is Flexible appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The saying that “everything old is actually new again” finally became a reality for the Pro...
The post Meet Sparkfun’s Qwiic Pro Micro with USB Type-C appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
In most electronic systems, it is necessary to provide information in the visual form for a convenient user interface. The most commonly used displays in electronic systems are LED, LCD and TFT. Amongst these, an LCD display is the most cost-effective solution as it can display alphanumeric characters along with special user-defined symbols. It also […]
The post Serial LCD Module appeared first on Electronics For You.
Presented here is an electronic toy circuit for your child’s entertainment. The concept of a joint family is disappearing, and childcare is also becoming difficult. It is best to spend some quality time with your child by doing things that interest him/her, or by putting things together to have some fun. This circuit has both […]
The post Build This Electronic Toy For A Child appeared first on Electronics For You.
App note from Vishay about how ESR in tantalum capacitors affects circuit performance. Link here (PDF)...
The post Low ESR tantalum capacitors make a difference in circuit designs appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Equipped with powerful processors, these boards are set to assist in your cellular IoT projects 1. Boron LTE The Boron LTE is an impressive development board with 2G/3G capabilities and can act as a standalone cellular base station. It runs on an ARM Cortex-M4F 32-bit processor at a processing speed of 64MHz. It has a […]
The post Cellular IoT Development Boards For Electronics Enthusiasts appeared first on Electronics For You.
3D printing has revolutionised the manufacturing sector through local and customised production. It remains one of the biggest technological trends. Benjamin Tan, vice president, Ultimaker Asia Pacific, discusses with Ayushee Sharma the various steps involved in getting the perfect 3D-printed product for an application while keeping in mind the environmental impact of such a process […]
The post Choosing The Right Material Is Critical To The Success Of The 3D Print appeared first on Electronics For You.
The Debian based open-source Linux distribution Ubuntu finds its wide use across Desktop, Servers, Containers and...
The post Ubuntu 18.04 LTS support for iWave’s i.MX8QM SMARC SOM and SBC Products appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Embedded Modules & Design-in Services Advantech, a global leader in the embedded computing market, is pleased...
The post Advantech Launches NXP i.MX8M ROM-5720 SMARC Module for Next Generation Multimedia Applications appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Kevin’s CircuitBrains boards are now listed and live on circuitpython.org/downloads. Kevin submitted the Deluxe model to...
The post CircuitBrains boards, castellated modules coming soon … appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
This is an easy to build but very capable and handy DIY solder paste dispenser built...
The post Low cost solder paste dispenser appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
PoE FeatherWing is an Ethernet FeatherWing with 4W of PoE power with globally unique MAC. Adafruit...
The post PoE FeatherWing – Ethernet FeatherWing with 4W of PoE power appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
To be honest, transmission and distribution networks are full of problems. But that’s nothing new, and you already knew that. This technical article will shed some light on solving some... Read more
The post Controlling power system parameters through reactive power (VAr) compensation appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.
We are all familiar with how notice boards in schools, offices, colleges and railway platforms look like. But have you ever wondered how they work and how you can make such a board by yourself? So, today we are going to make an SMS-based notice board which can be updated just by a single message […]
The post SMS-Based Smart Notice Board appeared first on Electronics For You.
This smart device is able to monitor and display CO2, TVOC, PM, temperature, humidity and air...
The post Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The ability of the robot to efficiently collect blood samples and give highly correct results prevents deadly infections caused due to improper blood drawing techniques. At the same time, the device makes it useful for healthcare workers to devote more time to a patient’s needs. The future of robots seems to have finally arrived. It […]
The post AI-Based Robot Carries Out Precise And Risk-Free Blood Sampling appeared first on Electronics For You.
Here is a simple audio amplifier circuit based on TDA2050 IC. This amplifier can deliver an output power of around 15W for an 8-ohm load, 18W speaker with 18V DC power supply. Circuit and working The circuit diagram of the TDA2050-based 15W audio amplifier is shown in Fig. 1. TDA2050 is a 5-pin IC. Pin […]
The post Make Your Own 15W Audio Amplifier appeared first on Electronics For You.
Waste water pumping stations are very common application examples of three phase induction motor. There are numerous varieties of power supply and control logic, depending on exact conditions in the... Read more
The post Design and control considerations for an example of the waste water pumping station appeared first on EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal.
Miniature Atomic Clock (MAC – SA5X) Rubidium Oscillator, re-designed for improved stability and new features. The...
The post Miniature Atomic Clock (MAC – SA5X) is only 2 x 2″ appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
TE Connectivity released the HTU31 humidity and temperature sensor, presented as one of the smallest and...
The post TE Connectivity’s HTU31 Humidity Sensors has Small Size, High Accuracy appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
RTP5000 Real-Time Peak Power Sensors provide high video bandwidth, fast rise-times, and unique Real-Time Power ProcessingTM...
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The TGR2051/2053 RF signal sources provide exceptional performance with touch-screen operation for improved functionality to support...
The post Next Generation Aim-TTi 1.5/3GHz RF Signal Generators appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
Linear Technology’s 560 VIN micropower no-opto isolated flyback converter with 630 V / 300 mA switch...
The post Single IC can produce isolated or non-isolated ±12V outputs appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The STM32L5 microcontroller series is the solution and provides a new optimal balance between performance, power,...
The post STMicroelectronics STM32L5 series of ultra-low-power MCUs appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
The “Sania Box Embedded Computer Kit” was developed by Sania Jain, a 13-year-old writer who has...
The post Sania Box Offers DIY Approach to Help Kids Learn Coding appeared first on Electronics-Lab.
To keep pace with the new technologies like the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and 5G spectrum, the wireless technologies are also getting upgraded. Here is a peek at what’s happening in the areas of short-range as well as long-range communication For a connected world we need various short- and long-range wireless communication devices to […]
The post Wireless Communication Keeping Pace with Next-Gen Technologies appeared first on Electronics For You.
(1) Diameter of Ground Rod:
(2) Depth of Ground Rod:
(3) Spacing of Ground Rod:
| Probe Spacing | ||
| Probe distance (m) | Soil resistance, Re (Ω) | Soil resistivity, ρρ (Ω m) |
| 0.3 | 14.75 | 27.79 |
| 0.6 | 7.93 | 29.88 |
| 0.9 | 6.37 | 36.00 |
| 1.2 | 4.36 | 32.86 |
| 1.5 | 4.31 | 40.60 |
(4) No of Ground Rods:
(5) Material & Surface Condition of Ground Rod:
(6) Moisture
(7) Temperature
(8) Soil type
(9) Choosing Proper Instrument:
| Soil Resistivity (approximate ohm-meters) | |||
| Soil Description | Minimum | Median | Maximum |
| Topsoil, loam | 1 | 26 | 50 |
| Inorganic clays of high plasticity | 10 | 33 | 55 |
| Fills – ashes, cinders, brine wastes | 6 | 38 | 70 |
| Gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays | 25 | 43 | 60 |
| Slates, shale | 10 | 55 | 100 |
| Silty or clayey fine sands with slight plasticity | 30 | 55 | 80 |
| Clayey sands, poorly graded sand-clay mixtures | 50 | 125 | 200 |
| Fine sandy or silty clays, lean clays | 80 | 190 | 300 |
| Decomposed gneisses | 50 | 275 | 500 |
| Silty sands, poorly graded sand-silt mixtures | 100 | 300 | 500 |
| Clayey gravel, poorly graded gravel, sand-clay mixture | 200 | 300 | 400 |
| Well graded gravel, gravel-sand mixtures | 600 | 800 | 1000 |
| Granites, basalts, etc. | – | 1000 | – |
| Sandstone | 20 | 1010 | 2000 |
| Poorly graded gravel, gravel-sand mixtures | 1000 | 1750 | 2500 |
| Gravel, sand, stones, little clay or loam | 590 | 2585 | 4580 |
| Surface limestone | 100 | 5050 | 10000 |
| Soil Resistivity Ranges | |
| 1000 Ohm cm | Wet organic soil |
| 10000 Ohm cm | Moist soil |
| 100000 Ohm cm | Dry soil |
| 1000000 Ohm cm | Bed rock |
| 590 to 7000 Ohm cm | Ashes, cinders, brine, waste |
| 340 to 1630 Ohm cm | Clay, Shale, Loam |
| 59000 to 458000 Ohm cm | Gravel , Sand , Stone with little Clay |
| 300 to 500 Ohm meter | Concrete |
| 900 to 1100 Ohm meter | Granite |
| 20 to 2000 Ohm meter | Sand Stone |
| 100 – 15,000 Ohm cm | Standard Design OK |
| 15,000- 25,000 Ohm cm | Standard Design Maybe |
| 25,000 – 50,000 Ohm cm | Special – Contact the carrier, owner or engineering
firm |
| 50,000 + Ohm cm | Very Special – Perhaps not practical |
| Ground Resistance Values | |
| Industrial plant: | 5 Ω |
| Chemical plant: | 3 Ω |
| Computer System | 3 Ω |
| Lighting Protection | 1 Ω |
| Generating station: | 1 Ω |
| Large HV sub-station, Generating Station (IEEE Std 142 clause 4.1.2) | 1 Ω |
| Small Distribution sub-station (IEEE Std 142 clause 4.1.2) | 5 Ω |
| Telecommunication facilities | <5Ω |
| Water pipe ground should | <3Ω |