Digital Logic NOR Gate – Universal Gate

Universal Digital Logic NOR Gate

What is Logic Nor Gate

NOR Gate is a digital logic gate (Also known as Universal gate) which gives output “1” only and only when all of its inputs are logic LOW state “0”.

NOR gate is invert of OR Gate. In other words, if we connect NOT gate to the output of OR gate that will become NOR gate.

NOR gate usually has 2 input And 1 output.  But it can have as many inputs as you want according to the requirement. But it will only have 1 output. It is the reversal of OR Gate.

NOR Gate Logic Symbol, Boolean Expression & Truth Table

NOR Gate Boolean Expression

OUT = ( IN₁ + IN₂ )’

or

Symbol

There are 3 types of symbols used for NOR gate all over the world.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ MILITARY

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/EUROPEAN

Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)/GERMANY

NOR Gate Truth Table

A mathematical table used to specify input to output logic combination of a digital circuit is known as a truth table, the truth table of NOR Gate is given below.

NOR Gate Logic Flow Schematic Diagram

NOR Gate Construction and Working Mechanism

Resistor-Transistor Logic

In Resistor-Transistor logic (RTL), Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) are used as switching unit. In this schematic given below, we have used two NPN transistor connected together in parallel.

NPN transistor switch on when there is HIGH input “1“ at its base and they start conducting current. And when its base input is LOW state “0“ then it switches off.

When both of the inputs are LOW state “0“, the NPN connected in parallel will be switched off and the path to the GND will be cutoff. The only path for the current flow remain will be from Vcc to output. Which will flow out as HIGH state “1“.

If there is a single of both HIGH input, then the NPN transistor will turn on and the path to the GND will connect. GND (logic LOW state“0“) will flow out through output as “LOW state 0“. Thus resulting in a truth table given below.

NOR Gate Mos Logic

MOS logic uses the idea of switching with MOSFETs instead of BJTs because of their High switching speed and low power consumption.

The schematic given in the figure below is a NOR gate using MOS logic, There are two NMOSFETs connected in aparallel configuration.

Its configuration and operation are exactly same as RTL logic NOR gate.

NMOSFETs also switch on when there is a HIGH state input at its gate(NMOSFET’s gate). And it switches off when there is LOW state input at its GATE.

When both of the inputs are LOW state “0“ the NMOSFETs will switch off and theonly path for current will be output thus resulting in HIGH state “1“ output.

And when one or both of the inputs are high state “1“ then NMOSFETs will switch on and GND to output path will connect, resulting in LOW state “0“ output.

NOR Gate From Other Logic Gates

Universal gate NAND can be used as NOR gate if placed in a specific configuration shown in the figure given below. NOR gate can be made from OR,NOT gate as shown in the figure given below.

NOR Gate is a Universal Gate. A Universal gate is a gate which can be implemented into any other logic gate or logic function. Some of the basic gate’s implementation are given below.

NOR Gate From NOT Gate

NOR gate can be used as NOT gate if we combine its input together into a single input.

In NOR gate all high state inputs lead to LOW output, and all LOW state inputs lead to HIGH input. Which is exactly the same as aNOTgate. NOT gate implementation diagram is given below.

NOR Gate From OR Gate

NOR gate is opposite/invert of OR gate and viceversa. So inverting output of NOR gate will result in OR gate. To invert NOR gate output, we have to use NOR gate with combined inputs which work as Inverter/NOT gate.The figure of OR gate from NOR gates is given below.

NOR Gate From AND Gate

To better understand the implementation of AND gate using NOR gate one need to know about boolean algebra and De Morgans law.

Conversion of NOR to AND gate Boolean Algebraic expression is given below.

OUT = (IN₁.IN₂)

OUT‘ = (IN₁.IN₂)‘                                                         taking complement on both sides.

OUT‘ = (IN₁‘+IN₂‘)                                                      De Morgans law

OUT‘‘ = (IN₁‘+IN₂‘)‘                                                    taking complement on both sides.

OUT = {(IN₁+IN₁)‘+(IN₂‘+IN₂‘)}‘                                 as IN₁= (IN₁ + IN₁)

So the end result is in the form of NOR gate. As you can see IN₁,IN₂ is NO Red with themselves and then they are NO Red with each other, to better understand look at the figure given below.

NOR Gate from NAND Gate

NAND gate is invert of AND gate. AND gate design will be the same as illustrated above. There will be an Inverter/NOT gate at the output of AND gate as shown in the figure given below.

Multi-Input NOR Gate

NOR gate can have more than 2 inputs and can be used according to the requirements of the schematic design. The truth table of NOR gate with “n” number of input is given below.

Truth Table

NOTE: In the table given above “X” means “don’t care”. It can be “1”and it can be “0”. Which means, as long as there is a single input carrying “1”, the output will be always “0” so there is no reason to put a check on other inputs, that’s why it’s called “don’t care X”.

Resistor-Transistor Logic

In RTL (Resistor-Transistor Logic), Transistors are used as switching unit. To increase the input lines we have to increase the number of transistors connected in parallel as shown in the figure below.

MOS Logic

The idea to create a Multi-Input NOR gate in MOS logic is exactly same as in RTL logic. Increasing the number of MOSFETs in parallel can potentially increase the number of input lines. The figure given below shows MOS logic NOR gate schematic.

Multi-Input NOR Gate By Cascading 2-Input Gates

Multi-input NOR gate can be made from cascading setup of 2-input NOR gates as shown in the figure given below.

OUT                =          (IN₁+ IN₂ + IN₃)‘

OUT                =          ((IN₁ +IN₂)’’ + IN₃)’

Since  (IN₁+IN₂)‘‘ = (IN₁+IN₂)

OUT                =          (IN₁ + IN₂+ IN₃ + IN₄)’

OUT                =          ((IN₁ + IN₂)’’ + (IN₃ + IN₄)’’)’

TTL and CMOS Logic NOR Gate IC’s

Commercially up to 8-input NAND gate’s IC are available in the market. Some of the commonly used IC’s details are given below.

TTL Logic NOR Gates

• 74LS02 Quad 2-input
• 74LS27 Triple 3-input
• 74LS260 Dual 4-input

CMOS Logic NOR Gates

• CD4001 Quad 2-input
• CD4025 Triple 3-input
• CD4002 Dual 4-input

4001 CMOS and 7402 TTL 2-Input NOR Gate

Pinout for 7402 TTL NOR Gate IC

PIN Number	Description
1	Output Gate 1
2	Input Gate 1
3	Input Gate 1
4	Output Gate 2
5	Input Gate 2
6	Input Gate 2
7	Ground
8	Input Gate 3
9	Input Gate 3
10	Output Gate 3
11	Input Gate 4
12	Input Gate 4
13	Output Gate 4
14	Positive Supply Voltage

4025 CMOS and 7427 TTL 3-Input NOR Gate

4002 CMOS and 7425 TTL 4-Input NOR Gate

4078 CMOS and 744078 TTL 8-Input NOR Gate

Commonly available NOR Logic Gate IC are given in the table below:

4000       Dual 3 Input NOR Gate + 1 Inverter

4001       Quad 2 Input NOR Gate

4002       Dual 4 Input NOR Gate

4025       Triple 3-Input NOR Gate

4043       Quad NOR R/S Latch

4078       8-Input OR Gate

4572       Hex Gate, Quad NOT, Single NAND, Single NOR

741G02 Single 2-Input NOR Drivers

7403       Quad 2-Input NAND gate with open collector outputs

7423       Expandable Dual 4-Inoput NOR Gate with strobe

7425       Dual 4-Input NOR Gate with strobe

7427       Triple 3 Input NOR Gate

741G27 Single 3-Input NOR Gate

7428     Quad 2-Input NOR Buffer

7433     Quad 2-Input NOR Buffer with open collector outputs

7436     Quad 2-Input NOR Gate (Different Pin out than 7402)

74128    Quad 2-Input NOR line Driver

74135    Quad Exclusive OR / NOR Gate

74232    Quad NOR Schmitt Trigger

74260    Dual  5-Input NOR Gate

74805    Hex 2-Input NOR Drivers

744002  Dual 4-Input NOR Gate

744078  8-Input OR / NOR GATE

NOR Gate Applications

Logic NOR Gate is a universal gate which can be used to construct other basic gates like AND gate. In real life, NOR gates are used in

• Cell phone
• Calculators
• Computing
• STB
• Digital Logic Circuits
• LCD TV
• Decision Making circuit like Mixer Tanks in the factory
• Industrial Controllers

You may also read more about Digital Logic gates

Logic NOT Gate – Digital Inverter Logic Gate Digital Logic OR Gate Digital Logic AND Gate Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Digital Logic Gate

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April 30, 2018 at 06:20AM by Department of EEE, ADBU: https://ift.tt/2AyIRVT